Spruce bast

Spruce bast is the inner bark layer (phloem) located beneath the outer bark of the Norway spruce (Picea abies). It is composed mainly of cellulose and serves as the tree’s transport tissue for nutrients. Historically, spruce bast was widely used as a natural raw material in mountain regions where spruce trees were readily available. It was used for tying sheaves, making ropes, baskets, mats, and simple clothing accessories. Because of its flexibility and availability, it became an important substitute material in traditional rural crafts, especially in forested and highland areas.